In general, the flexibility of the power system is enhanced by the modified coal-fired units, in which the system features improved downward regulation capability, reduced costs in startup and shutdown, and exhibit
The study provides a study on energy storage technologies for photovoltaic and wind systems in response to the growing demand for low-carbon transportation. Energy storage systems (ESSs) have become an emerging
For the wind-storage coupled system, as only electricity price arbitrage is considered: (1) the optimal capacity of the compressed air energy storage is 5MWh, and the annual revenue of the wind-storage coupled system
At present, Heilongjiang Province is rich in wind resources, with a potential development capacity of about 23,000,000 kW and an installed capacity of about 54,000,000 kW. By the end of 2019, wind power accounted for 19.07% of the total installed power supply in Heilongjiang Province, as shown in Figure 1.
Heilongjiang Province is rich in solar energy resources, with an average of 2,400–2,800 h of sunshine per year. Also, the installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity in Heilongjiang Province developed rapidly and increased to 201 million kW by 2019.
Additional wind power integration mainly occurred in winter, and the wind speed in Heilongjiang was relatively high from late autumn to early spring . Therefore, STES in DH has considerable potential for increasing the integration of wind power generation. Fig. 12.
In the Heilongjiang power grid (HPG), a typical representative energy system in the Northeastern China, the proportion of heating units is high, and the peak shaving capacity in winter is extremely limited (Richter et al., 2019). Besides, most of HPG’s cogeneration units are not gas-fired units and thus demonstrate limited flexibility.
The energy structure of Heilongjiang is shown in Fig. 2. The total primary energy supply was 994.4 TWh, of which coal accounted for 77.2 % of the total. The installed capacities for thermal, hydro, wind, and solar power were 24.2, 1.1, 6.9, and 3.2 GW, respectively.
When the energy storage system lifetime is of 10 years, and the cost is equal to or more than 375 $/kWh, the optimization configuration capacity is 0 MWh, which means no energy storage installation. The annual revenue of the simulated wind-storage system is 12.78 million dollars, which is purely from the sale of wind generation.
